cable modem

Modem

To connect your computer to the Internet, you need a modem. A modem is a device that sends and receives computer information over a telephone line or high-speed cable. Modems are sometimes built into the system unit, but higher-speed modems are usually separate components.

speaker

Speakers

Speakers are used to play sound. They may be built into the system unit or connected with cables. Speakers allow you to listen to music and hear sound effects from your computer.

printer

Printer

A printer transfers data from a computer onto paper. You don't need a printer to use your computer, but having one allows you to print e‑mail, cards, invitations, announcements, and other materials. Many people also like being able to print their own photos at home.

The two main types of printers are inkjet printers and laser printers. Inkjet printers are the most popular printers for the home. They can print in black and white or in full color and can produce high-quality photographs when used with special paper. Laser printers are faster and generally better able to handle heavy use.

monitor

Monitor

A monitor displays information in visual form, using text and graphics. The portion of the monitor that displays the information is called the screen. Like a television screen, a computer screen can show still or moving pictures.

There are two basic types of monitors: CRT (cathode ray tube) monitors and LCD (liquid crystal display) monitors. Both types produce sharp images, but LCD monitors have the advantage of being much thinner and lighter. CRT monitors, however, are generally more affordable.

keyboard

Keyboard

A keyboard is used mainly for typing text into your computer. Like the keyboard on a typewriter, it has keys for letters and numbers, but it also has special keys:

• The function keys, found on the top row, perform different functions depending on where they are used.
• The numeric keypad, located on the right side of most keyboards, allows you to enter numbers quickly.
• The navigation keys, such as the arrow keys, allow you to move your position within a document or webpage.

Keyboard

You can also use your keyboard to perform many of the same tasks you can perform with a mouse. For more information, see Using your keyboard.

mouse

Mouse

A mouse is a small device used to point to and select items on your computer screen. Although mice come in many shapes, the typical mouse does look a bit like an actual mouse. It's small, oblong, and connected to the system unit by a long wire that resembles a tail. Some newer mice are wireless.

Mouse

A mouse usually has two buttons: a primary button (usually the left button) and a secondary button. Many mice also have a wheel between the two buttons, which allows you to scroll smoothly through screens of information.

When you move the mouse with your hand, a pointer on your screen moves in the same direction. (The pointer's appearance might change depending on where it's positioned on your screen.) When you want to select an item, you point to the item and then click (press and release) the primary button. Pointing and clicking with your mouse is the main way to interact with your computer. For more information, see Using your mouse.

flopy disk drive

Floppy disk drive

Floppy disk drives store information on floppy disks, also called floppies or diskettes. Compared to CDs and DVDs, floppy disks can store only a small amount of data. They also retrieve information more slowly and are more prone to damage. For these reasons, floppy disk drives are less popular than they used to be, although some computers still include them.

Floppy disk

Why are floppy disks "floppy"? Even though the outside is made of hard plastic, that's just the sleeve. The disk inside is made of a thin, flexible vinyl material.

cd

CD and DVD drives

Nearly all computers today come equipped with a CD or DVD drive, usually located on the front of the system unit. CD drives use lasers to read (retrieve) data from a CD, and many CD drives can also write (record) data onto CDs. If you have a recordable disk drive, you can store copies of your files on blank CDs. You can also use a CD drive to play music CDs on your computer.

storage and hard disk drive

Storage

Your computer has one or more disk drives—devices that store information on a metal or plastic disk. The disk preserves the information even when your computer is turned off.

Hard disk drive

Your computer's hard disk drive stores information on a hard disk, a rigid platter or stack of platters with a magnetic surface. Because hard disks can hold massive amounts of information, they usually serve as your computer's primary means of storage, holding almost all of your programs and files. The hard disk drive is normally located inside the system unit.

system unit

System unit

The system unit is the core of a computer system. Usually it's a rectangular box placed on or underneath your desk. Inside this box are many electronic components that process information. The most important of these components is the central processing unit (CPU), or microprocessor, which acts as the "brain" of your computer. Another component is random access memory (RAM), which temporarily stores information that the CPU uses while the computer is on. The information stored in RAM is erased when the computer is turned off.

Almost every other part of your computer connects to the system unit using cables. The cables plug into specific ports (openings), typically on the back of the system unit. Hardware that is not part of the system unit is sometimes called a peripheral device or device.

the basic parts of the computer and its functionals

Parts of a computer

If you use a desktop computer, you might already know that there isn't any single part called the "computer." A computer is really a system of many parts working together. The physical parts, which you can see and touch, are collectively called hardware. (Software, on the other hand, refers to the instructions, or programs, that tell the hardware what to do.)

The illustration below shows the most common hardware in a desktop computer system. Your system may look a little different, but it probably has most of these parts. A laptop computer has similar parts but combines them into a single notebook-sized package.

Fifth Philippine Republic Presidents (Under the new "People's Power" Constitution)

GLORIA MACAPAGAL ARROYO
Fourth President of the Fifth Republic of the Philippines and 14th Philippine President
Birthdate: April 5, 1947
Term: 2001 - June 2010
Description: The daughter of the late President Diosdado Macapagal. The second woman to be swept into the Presidency by a peaceful People Power revolution (EDSA II).
more about president gloria macapagal arroyo


JOSEPH EJERCITO ESTRADA
Third President of the Fifth Republic of the Philippines
Birthdate: April 19,1937
Term: 1998 - 2001
Filipino film actor and director, later politician. He resigned after the impeachment trial against him collapsed.


FIDEL VALDEZ RAMOS
Second President of the Fifth Republic of the Philippines
Birthdate: March 18, 1928
Term: June 30, 1992 - June 30, 1998
As head of the State his administration centerpiece program is the Philippines 2000; which aim to uplift the Philippines as a newly industrialized country by the year 2000.


CORAZON COJUANGCO AQUINO
First President of the Fifth Republic of the Philippines and the first woman president of the Philippines.
Birthdate: January 25, 1933
Term: February 25, 1986- June 30, 1992
Political leader and the First Woman President of the Philippines. She succeeded her murdered husband, Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino Jr.(a popular critic of the Marcos administration), as leader of the opposition to President Ferdinand Marcos.
Click here to get more information about the Philippines Former President Corazon “Cory” C. Aquino

Fourth Philippine Republic Presidents (Martial Law, "The New Republic" & Parliamentary Government)

FERDINAND EDRALIN MARCOS
Sixth and last President of the Third Republic of the Philippines
Birthdate: September 11, 1917, Died- September 28, 1989
Term: December 30, 1965- December 30, 1973
President of the Fourth Republic of the Philippines
Term: June 30, 1981 - February 25,1986
Philippine lawyer and politician who ruled by martial law and was ousted by a peaceful People Power Revolution in 1986.


Third Philippine Republic Presidents


DIOSDADO MACAPAGAL
Fifth President of the Third Republic of the Philippines
Term: December 30, 1961 - December 30, 1965
Poet, politician, lawyer, diplomat, statesman, economist and intellectual, Diosdado Macapagal was born to poverty but rose due to diligence and brilliance.


CARLOS POLESTICO GARCIA
Fourth President of the Third Republic of the Philippines
Birthdate: November 4, 1896, died- June 14, 1971
Term: March 18, 1957- December 30, 1961
Famous for his austerity program and policy. He maintained the strong tradition ties with the United States and sought closer relation with non-communist Asian countries.


RAMON MAGSAYSAY
(Born- August 31, 1907, died- March 17, 1957)
Third President of the Third Republic of the Philippines
(Term: December 30, 1953- March 17, 1957)
Best known for successfully defeating the communist led Hukbalahap (Huk) Movement. Idol of the masses, champion of democracy, and freedom fighter.



ELPIDIO QUIRINO
Second President, Third Republic of the Philippines
Birthdate: November 16, 1890
Died: February 28, 1956
Term: April 17, 1948- November 10, 1953
Political leader and second president of the Independence Republic of the Philippines.


MANUEL ACUÑA ROXAS
Birthdate: January 1, 1892, died- April 15, 1948
Last President of the Commonwealth
Term: May 28, 1946- July 4, 1946
First President of the Third Republic of the Philippines
Term: July 4, 1946- April 15, 1948
Political leader and first president of the independence republic of the Philippines.

Second Philippine Republic Presidents (Japanese Occupation)

JOSE LAUREL
President of the Japanese Sponsored Republic
Birthdate: March 9, 1891, died- November 6, 1959
Term: October 14, 1943- August 15, 1945
Became the President of the Philippines during the Japanese occupation of World War II.



Commonwealth of the Philippines (American Period Presidents )



SERGIO OSMEÑA
Second President of the Commonwealth
Birthdate: September 9, 1878, died- October 19, 1961
Term: August 1, 1944- May 27, 1946
Filipino statesman, founder of the Nationalist Party (Partido Nacionalista) and President of the Philippines from 1944 to 1946.



MANUEL LUIS QUEZON
First President of the Commonwealth
Birthdate: August 19, 1878, died- August 1, 1944
Term: November 15, 1935- August 1, 1944
Filipino statesman, leader of the independence movement, and first president of the Philippine Commonwealth established under United States tutelage in 1935.


First Philippine Republic President (Revolutionary Government/The Philippines under Spanish colonization)


GENERAL EMILIO FAMY AGUINALDO
President of the First Philippine Republic
Birthdate: March 22, 1869, died- February 6, 1964
Term: 1898- 1901
Filipino leader who fought first against Spain and later against the United States for the Independence of the Philippines.

The Prisedent of the Philippines

General Emilio F. Aguinaldo (March 22, 1869 - February 6, 1964). He was 29 years old when he became Chief of State, first as head of the dictatorship he thought should be established upon his return to Cavite in May 1898 from voluntary exile in Hongkong, and then a month later as President of the Revolutionary Government that Apolinario Mabini had persuaded him should instead be instituted.

Aguinaldo’s presidential term formally began in 1898 and ended on April 1, 1901, when he took an oath of allegiance to the United States a week after his capture in Palanan, Isabela. His term also featured the setting up of the Malolos Republic, which has its own Congress, Constitution, and national and local officialdom -- proving Filipinos also had the capacity to build.

Aguinaldo is best remembered for the proclamation of Philippine Independence on June 12, 1898, in Kawit, Cavite.

Manuel L. Quezon (August 19, 1878 - August 1, 1944). He won the elections held in September 1935 to choose the head of the Commonwealth Government. It was a government made possible by the Tydings-McDuffie Law, which Quezon secured from the U.S.

Quezon had emerged as the acknowledged leader of Philippine politics and possessed the kind of background and experience that appealed to Filipinos. He had a bachelor of arts degree, studied law, and landed fourth place in the 1903 Bar examinations. He served in the revolution, fighting in Tarlac, Pampanga, and Bataan, and ended up with the rank of major. He was appointed provincial fiscal of Mindoro and Tayabas, his home province. He was elected governor of Tayabas in 1905 and in 1907, first assemblyman from the province to the First Philippine National Assembly. In 1909, he was appointed resident commissioner to the U.S. and when he finished his term after eight years, he returned to the Philippines to become President of the Philippine Senate, created by the Jones Law. He was also top man of the ruling Nacionalista Party.

Quezon’s term (1935 - 1944), though chiefly known for making Pilipino the national language, tried to solve nagging problems inherited from the Spanish and American administrations. He directed his main efforts to bring about political stability, build up national defense against the threat of Japanese militarism, and strengthen an economy that was extremely dependent upon the U.S. He was also remembered for taking executive and legislative actions to implement his “social justice” program aimed at the underprivileged.

The Commonwealth Government was interrupted by the Japanese invasion of 1941. Quezon and his government were forced to go into exile in the U.S. He died on August 1, 1944, in New York.

Jose P. Laurel (March 9, 1891 - November 5, 1959). He was elected by the National Assembly as President of the Republic on September 25, 1943 and inducted on October 14, 1943. This unicameral assembly was created through the sponsorship of the Japanese authorities.

Laurel’s controversial Presidency during the Japanese Occupation (1943 - 1945) overshadowed his achievements as legislator, jurist, writer, and administrator in the pre-war struggle for independence. As an elected senator and later delegate to the Constitutional Convention, he distinguished himself for his advocacy of women’s suffrage and his sponsorship of the Bill of Rights of the Constitution. He also became an associate justice of the Supreme Court.

Sergio Osmena (September 9, 1878 - October 19, 1961). He was elected Vice President of the Philippines in 1935 and succeeded Quezon to the Presidency in-exile.

Osmena was a notable figure in the struggle for independence. A lawyer, he espoused the cause of independence through peaceful means as editor of the Cebu newspaper El Nuevo Dia (New Day), which he founded in 1900. He served as fiscal of Cebu and Negros Oriental. He was appointed governor of Cebu in 1904 and elected to the same post in 1906. In 1907, he was elected as representative of Cebu and later became speaker of the first Philippine Assembly. In 1922, he was elected as senator. He headed important government missions to the U. S.

Osmena returned to the Philippines on October 20, 1944, together with Gen. Douglas MacArthur. In February 1945, he took the reins of government.

Manuel A. Roxas (January 1, 1892 - April 15, 1948). He was popularly known as the “First President of the Third Republic.” He won the elections by a slim margin. He was inaugurated on July 4, 1946, the day the U.S. government granted political independence to its colony.

Roxas was born in Capiz (now Roxas City), studied law at UP and graduated with honors in 1913. He topped the Bar examinations in the same year, was employed as private secretary to Chief Justice Cayetano Arellano, and taught law in 1915-1916.

His political career started when he was appointed as a member of the Capiz municipal council. In 1919, he was elected as governor of Capiz. He was elected as congressman in 1922, and in 1935, he was chosen as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention. He was elected as a senator in 1941 and eventually became Senate president.

The short-lived Roxas administration (1946 - 1948) embarked on a course that resulted in what were considered as his greatest achievements, namely: the ratification of the Bell Trade Act; the inclusion of the Parity Amendment in the Constitution; and the signing of the 1947 Military Bases Agreement.

Roxas was not able to complete his presidential term; he died from a heart attack at Clark Air base on April 15, 1948.

Elpidio Quirino (November 16, 1890 - February 28, 1956). Being the Vice President, he took over the Presidency after Roxas’ death. And, he managed to retain the position after winning over Laurel in the infamous fraud-tainted 1949 elections.

Quirino was born in Vigan, Ilocos Sur, finished law studies at UP in 1915, and hurdled the Bar examinations in the same year. His political career started with his election as a representative of Ilocos Sur in 1919, then as a senator in 1925, and again reelected in 1931. President Quezon appointed him as secretary of finance and then secretary of the interior in the Commonwealth Government. As Roxas’ Vice President, he served concurrently first as secretary of finance and later as secretary of foreign affairs.

The Quirino administration (1948 - 1953) focused on two objectives: 1) to regain faith and confidence in the government; and 2) to restore peace and order. He was more successful in the second objective – breaking the back of the Hukbalahap Movement in Central Luzon. In addition, he was credited with sponsoring the growth of industrial ventures, expanding irrigation, improving the road system, and setting up the Central Bank and rural banking. It was also during his term that the RP-US Mutual Defense Treaty was approved on August 30, 1951.

Ramon Magsaysay (August 31, 1907 - March 17, 1957). He was largely famous for his success in the peace campaign. He defeated Quirino in the 1953 presidential elections by an unprecedented margin of votes.

Popularly known as “the guy,” Magsaysay was born in Iba, Zambales. He took up mechanical engineering at UP but ended up with a commerce degree from Jose Rizal College. He took a job as a mechanic in the bus company Try-Tran and rose to become its branch manager. He attained fame as an able guerilla leader in World War II and was subsequently named by MacArthur as military governor of Zambales during the liberation. He was elected twice as a congressman after the war. He was instrumental in having the U.S. Congress pass the G.I. Bill of Rights, which accorded benefits to the Filipino war veterans. But his national prominence resulted from being appointed defense secretary in the Quirino administration, successfully fighting the Huks, and for being the friend of the common tao.

Many regard Magsaysay as the President whose heart truly bled for the common man. He toured the barrios, opened up Malacanang to the public, solicited and acted upon their complaints, built artesian wells and roads. He had Congress pass the Agricultural Tenancy Act of 1954, providing greater protection to tenants.

Death came to Magsaysay when his plane crashed at Mount Pinatubo in the early morning of March 17, 1957.

Carlos P. Garcia (November 4, 1896 - June 1, 1971). He presided over the eight months of Magsaysay’s remaining term and went on to win the 1957 elections, “the noisiest and the most expensive in Philippine history.”

Garcia hailed from Talibon, Bohol. He finished his law studies at the Philippine Law School in Manila. He passed the Bar examinations and was among the top ten.

His election as Bohol representative to the National Assemblly in 1952 marked his entry into Philippine politics and public service – one of the longest ever. He was again reelected as a representative. In 1931, he started the first of this three terms as governor of Bohol. In 1941, he was elected as a senator, but it was only in 1945 that he took office because of World War II. He was again reelected as a senator and in 1953, he became Vice President to Magsaysay. He was appointed in a concurrent capacity as secretary of foreign affairs.

Garcia’s administration (1957 - 1961) was anchored in his austerity program. It was also noted for its Filipino First policy – an attempt to boost economic independence.

Diosdado Macapagal (September 28, 1910). He defeated Garcia in the presidential elections of November 14, 1961.

Mapacagal – who styled himself as the “poor boy” from Lubao (Pampanga) – completed pre-law and Associate in Arts at UP; however, he was a law graduate of the University of Santo Tomas. He was the topnotcher of the Bar examinations in 1935. He then entered into a private law practice, teaching law at the side. In 1946, he was appointed Chief of the Legal Division of the Department of Foreign Affairs and was eventually sent to the Philippine Embassy in Washington as Second Secretary.

In 1949, he was elected as the congressman of the first district of Pampanga and reelected in 1953. In 1958, he was elected as Vice President of the Philippines.

Macapagal’s administration (1961 - 1965) is best remembered for resetting the date of the celebration of Philippine Independence Day – from July 4 when the U.S. turned over the reins of government in 1946 to the more correct date of June 12 when Aguinaldo declared independence in 1898. This single act overshadowed the other distinguishing features of his administration, namely: the promotion of the stability of the Philippine currency; the initiation of a socioeconomic program aimed at the betterment of the poor; efforts to combat misdeeds in government, and the launching of his version of agrarian reform.

Ferdinand E. Marcos (September 11, 1917 - September 28, 1989). He defeated Macapagal in the 1965 presidential elections. And the two-decade era of Marcos (1965 - 1986) began.

Marcos was born in Sarrat, Ilocos Norte. He was a consistent scholar, took up Law at UP, and graduated cum laude in 1939. At 19, he was charged with the murder of a political enemy of his father. Thrown in jail, he reviewed for the nearing Bar examinations and topped it. Defeated at a lower court, he argued his own case in an appeal before the Supreme Court and won an acquittal. He joined the guerilla forces at the outbreak of war.

Marcos entered politics with an eye to eventually capturing the presidency. In his maiden campaign in 1949, he said: “Elect me your congressman now and I’ll give you an Ilokano President in 20 years.” He won that election and was returned thrice to Congress as Ilocos Norte’s congressman. In 1959, he was elected to the Philippine Senate and in 1963, he became its president. Completing the presidential term in 1969, he won a reelection . In 1972, he declared martial law. The rest is history.

Corazon C. Aquino (January 25, 1933). President from 1986 to 1992, she is associated with the EDSA Revolt.

No one could have imagined that Cory Aquino would become a president of the Philippines. Although she was born to the landed class in Tarlac, her background was so disparate from the patterns that cut presidential figures. In 1946, her family left for the U.S. and she enrolled at Ravenhill Academy in Philadelphia. She finished her junior and senior years at Notre Dame College in New York. In 1949, she entered Mount Saint Vincent College also in New York where she finished a Bachelor of Arts course, major in French .

In 1953, she returned to the Philippines to take up law at the Far Eastern University. But, the following year, she met and married Benigno Ninoy Aquino. Subsequently, she became content to live in her husband’s shadow and took the role of wife and mother to her five children. However, Ninoy’s assassination in 1983 swept aside this role and catapulted her to the top position of the country after the tumultuous events which followed the EDSA revolution in February 1986.

She refused to run for reelection in the 1992 presidential elections; but instead endorsed and worked very hard for her chosen candidate – Fidel V. Ramos.

Fidel V. Ramos ((March 18, 1928). He was the military hero of the February 1986 Philippine People Power Revolution and victor of the first multiparty presidential elections in 1992, thus becoming the 12th President of the Republic of the Philippines.

Ramos was born on March 18, 1928, and grew up in Lingayen, Pangasinan. His father - Narciso Ramos - was a lawyer, a crusading journalist, a five-term legislator of the House of Representatives, and later, secretary of foreign affairs.

The Ramos administration has anchored its governance on the philosophy of “People Empowerment” as the engine to operationalize economic growth, social equity, and national solidarity. It is focusing on a five-point program: peace and stability; economic growth and sustainable development; energy and power generation; environmental protection; and a streamline democracy.

The six-year term of Ramos (1992 - 1998) is looked upon with much hope and optimism not only because of his clear vision of the future but also because of his hands-on leadership style in meeting the challenges faced by the country. Because of his leadership, the Philippines is expected to attain full political stability, sustained economic development and social justice by the turn of the 21st century.

History

Depending on the definition chosen for these terms, a number of persons could alternatively be considered the inaugural holder of the office. Andres Bonifacio is considered by some historians to be the de facto first President of the Philippines. He was the third Supreme President (Spanish: Presidente Supremo; Tagalog: Kataastaasang Pangulo) of the Katipunan secret society. Its Supreme Council, led by the Supreme President, coordinated provincial and district councils. When the Katipunan went into open revolt in August 1896, Bonifacio had transformed it into a de facto revolutionary government with him as President. While the term Katipunan remained, Bonifacio's government was also known as the Tagalog Republic (Spanish: Republica Tagala). Although the word Tagalog refers to a specific ethnicity, Bonifacio used it to denote all indigenous people in the Philippines in place of Filipino which had colonial origins. In place of the Spanish Filipinas he coined a Tagalog name, Haring Bayang Katagalugan (Sovereign Tagalog Nation).^{[4][5][6][7][8]} Some historians contend that including Bonifacio as a past president would imply that Macario Sacay and Miguel Malvar should also be included.^[9]
In March 1897 Emilio Aguinaldo was elected President of a revolutionary government at the Tejeros Convention.^[10] The new government was meant to replace the Katipunan as a government, though the latter was not formally abolished until 1899. Aguinaldo was again elected President at Biak-na-Bato in November, leading the Biak-na-Bato Republic. Exiled in Hong Kong after the Pact of Biak-na-Bato, with the advent of the Spanish-American War he returned to the Philippines to renew revolutionary activities and formed a dictatorial government on May 24, 1898. Revolutionary forces under his command declared independence on June 12, 1898. On June 23, 1898, Aguinaldo transformed his dictatorial government into a revolutionary government. On January 23, 1899, he was then elected President of the Philippine Republic (Spanish: República Filipina), a government constituted by the Malolos Congress. Thus, this government is also called the Malolos Republic. Sovereignty over the Philippines passed from Spain to the United States with the Treaty of Paris, which ended the Spanish-American War. Aguinaldo's government effectively ceased to exist on April 1, 1901, when he pledged allegiance to the United States after being captured by U.S. forces in March. The current Philippine government, formally called the Republic of the Philippines, considers Emilio Aguinaldo to be the first President of the Philippines and the Malolos Republic as the "First" Philippine Republic.^[11]
Miguel Malvar continued Aguinaldo's leadership of the Philippine Republic after the latter's capture until his own capture in 1902, while Macario Sakay founded a Tagalog Republic in 1902 as a continuation of Bonifacio's Katipunan. They are both considered by some scholars as "unofficial presidents". Along with Bonifacio, Malvar and Sakay are not recognized as Presidents by the Philippine government.^[12][13]
Between 1901 and 1935, executive power in the Philippines was exercised by a succession of 16 American Governors General. In October 1935, Manuel L. Quezón was elected the first President of the Commonwealth of the Philippines which had been established, still under U.S. sovereignty, under a constitution ratified on May 14 of that year. When President Manuel L. Quezon left for the United States via Australia, he appointed Chief Justice José Abad Santos Acting President. President Santos was subsequently executed by the Japanese occupation forces on May 2, 1942.
José P. Laurel became president of the Philippines in 1942 under a constitution imposed under Japanese occupation. Laurel, an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, had been instructed to remain in Manila by President Manuel L. Quezon, who fled to Corregidor and then to the United States to establish a government-in-exile.
The 1935 constitution was reinstated after the Japanese surrender ended World War II, with Sergio Osmeña as President, Osmeña having succeeded to the Presidency after 1944 the death of President Quezon. That constitution remained in effect after the United States recognized the independence of the Republic of the Philippines as a separate self-governing nation on July 4, 1946.
A new constitution ratified on January 17, 1973, during the presidency of Ferdinand E. Marcos, introduced a parliamentary-style government. This constitution was in effect until the People Power Revolution of 1986 swept Corazon C. Aquino into power as President. On March 25, 1986, Presidential Proclamation No. 3 promulgated a provisional constitution, which was supplanted on February 2, 1987 when the now-current constitution was ratified.
Both Bonifacio and Aguinaldo might be considered to have been an inaugural president of an insurgent government. Quezón was the inaugural president of a predecessor-government to the current one, and Aquino was the inaugural president of the currently-constituted government.

Home provinces of the presidents.

The Government of the Philippines considers Emilio Aguinaldo to have been the inaugural President of the Philippines, followed by Manuel Quezón and by subsequent Presidents.^[11][14] Despite the differences in constitutions and government, the line of presidents is considered to be continuous. For instance, the current president, Benigno S. Aquino III, is considered to be the 15th president.
While the Philippine government considers Emilio Aguinaldo to be the first president, the First Republic fell under the United States following the Philippine-American War, and the United States does not consider his presidency to have been legitimate.^[11][15] Manuel L. Quezon is considered to be the first president by the United States and the first to win an election. The Philippines had two presidents at one point during World War II heading two governments. One was Quezón heading the Commonwealth government-in-exile (considered de jure) and the other was J. P. Laurel heading the Japanese-sponsored republic (considered de facto). Laurel was instructed to remain in Manila by President Manuel L. Quezón. Laurel was not recognized as a Philippine president formally until the Macapagal administration. The recognition coincided with the movement of the Philippine Independence Day from July 4 to June 12. However, it must be borne in mind that in the roster of presidents, it is inaccurate to consider Laurel the successor of Osmeña or vice versa; Laurel's republic was formally rejected after World War II and none of its statutes or actions were considered legal or binding. The inclusion of Laurel causes some problems in determining the order of presidents. Quezón, Osmeña, and Roxas, for example, were three of a continuous constitutional line; Laurel was the only President of the Second Republic. Thus, Laurel has no predecessor and successor, while Osmeña was Quezón's successor and Roxas was Osmeña's successor.

Statistics

• Presidents who headed revolutionary governments
  1. Emilio Aguinaldo (1941)
  2. Corazon C. Aquino (1986)

• Presidents who became President after predecessor was deposed through EDSA Revolution
  1. Corazon C. Aquino (1986)
  2. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (2001)

• Vice Presidents who succeeded to the Presidency
  1. Sergio Osmeña (1944)
  2. Elpidio Quirino (1948)
  3. Carlos P. Garcia (1957)
  4. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (2001)

• Vice Presidents who were later elected President
  1. Elpidio Quirino (1948)
  2. Carlos P. Garcia (1957)
  3. Joseph Ejercito Estrada (1998)
  4. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (2001)

• Presidents who were elected after serving the remaining term of predecessor
  1. Elpidio Quirino (1949)
  2. Carlos P. Garcia (1957)
  3. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (2001)

• Presidents who were re-elected
  1. Manuel L. Quezon (1941)
  2. Ferdinand E. Marcos (1969, 1981, 1986)

• Longest serving President: Ferdinand Marcos (5,259 days)
• Shortest serving President: Jose P. Laurel (479 days)

Constitutional Succession

Counting of the order of terms and constitutional succession to the presidency starts with Manuel L. Quezon, the first President of the Philippine Commonwealth, although he led a nation still under American sovereignty. Two Presidents were deposed by EDSA Revolutions, but their successors are counted in the order of terms.
Emilio Aguinaldo was the first to assume the title of President, but his Malolos Republic was not recognized by other nations at the time of its existence, so he is not considered to be in the line of Constitutional succession and not counted in the order of terms. Neither is Jose P. Laurel, who was considered to have been a puppet president of a puppet government of the Japanese occupation. Nevertheless, they are still recognized as Philippine Presidents, especially Aguinaldo, whom most Filipinos consider the first Filipino president.
The colors indicate the political party or coalition of each President on the day of election.

History of Philippine Heads of State

Before Spaniards arrived in the Philippines, the archipelago was not a unified nation. Rather, it was splintered into different barangays headed by a datu. These barangays were independent of one another, although some barangays united to form a confederation. In the barangays, the datu was leader, lawmaker, and judge. Although he often had a council of elders as his advisers, the datu’s word was law. After the Spanish conquest, the King of Spain became the de jure head of state of the country, represented by his Governor-General. After Spain ceded the Philippines to the United States of America for 20 million dollars, the head of state became the President of the United States, also represented by the American Governor-General. When the Filipinos fought for and achieved their independence, they elected their own Presidents.

1. Animation- A set of pictures simulating movement when played
                      in a series.
2.API(Application Programing Interface)- An interface for letting a program
                         communicate w/ another program.
3.Bandwidth- A measure for the speed send through an Internent connection.
                      The more bandwidth the faster the connection.
4. BMP(Bitmap)- A format for storing images.
5. Brose- Term to describe a user's movement across the web, moving from page to
                    page ria hyperlinks using a web browser.
6.Browser- The program that display websites on your computer. Exam. are Microsoft's
                   Internent Explorer, Netscape, and Mozilla's firefox.
7.Database- Data stored in a computer in such a way that a computer program can easily
                     letrieve and  manipulate the data.
8.Dial- In used terms. A connection to Internent via telephone and modern.
9.Domain Name- The name that identifies a website(Like: Smartschools.com).
10.Download- To transfer a file from a web server to a web client.
11.File- Document or set of instruction.
12.FTP(File Transfer Protocol)- Is a standard program used to upload your web site from
                       the program where it was created, to a server. One of the most common methods for
                       sending files between two computer.
13.GIF(Graphic Interchange Format)- A compressed format for storing images developed
                          by CompuServe. One of the most common image format Internent.
14.HTML(Hypertext Markup Language)- Is the language of the web document. Web browsers
                                 use the HTML tags to define how   to display the text.
15.HTTP(Hypertext Transfer Protocol)- The standard set of rules for sending text files across
                                 the Internent. It requires an HTTP client program at one end, and an
                                 HTTP server program at the other end.

new year challenges!!!!

here comes the new year, lets face the new challenges in life with optimism and positivism...everything is possible with God! and no burden is too heavy when it is carried with LOVE..kaya natin to!

tLE 3 bloger's

http://kcentbloggerworld143.blogspot.com
http://hbudz001shay.blogspot.com
http://vinmay-tdgmay.blogspot.com
http://r-jeansbloggersite.blogspot.com
http://kimkatz01.blogspot.com
http://ann-coco.blogspot.com
http://lyrradbloggerskimerald.blogspot.com
http://arleneluego.blogspot.com
http://elyniansur.blogspot.com
http://gamer-gamex.blogspot.com
http://jeffreyutol-sena21.blogspot.com
http://annafil-gaces.blogspot.com
http://jinkyemutan.blogspot.com
http://redelelic.blogspot.com
http://derickrabi.blogspot.com
http://budz-razel21.blogspot.com

http://coolguyshangout.blogspot.com

http://reyan59.blogspot.com

http://leinny-godinez.blogspot.com

http://vanzbs004.blogspot.com

http://ryls4ever.blogspot.com

http://j-tampus.blogspot.com

http://rachel-cutiest.blogspot.com

http://budzjara-joel.blogspot.com

http://rockalveniz-merlyn.blogspot.com

http://mark-ninorabi.blogspot.com

http://dayanogprincess.blogspot.com

http://www.markdavesescon.blogspot.com

http://bsapriljoy-pelito.blogspot.com

http://blogspotbloggerofbjevaldez.blogspot.com

http://cutecomein.blogspot.com

Pino'y toy cAr's

"We had too much expectations from him. Since he run for president last year, and won the highest position of the land, we had had too much expectations from President Noynoy. We all expect him to deliver us from our most awaited salvation from the poverty. We looked at him as if he is SUPERMAN that could save us from suffering and chaos. But let me remind you PINOY PEOPLE, he is just human. The progress and development that we are looking for is not that far, in fact it is very near, and it is within ourselves. Now, all of Pnoy's move is being watched and criticized. That's the beauty of being a leader, you cannot pleased everybody. Having this type of luxury car in which is not suitable for the Filipino environment. We still belong to the kalesa, motorcycle and jeepney tribe. We are still a Third World Country. That's the reality! So, lets wake up! The progress that we have been looking for is very easy to find. It is within us! Mabuhay ang Filipino!

SSC bLogEr's

http://NICOLEGETES.blogspot.com
http://mariawentotown.blogspot.comhttp://RoseannEmbodo.blogspot.com
http://kimberlydgreats.blogspot.com
http://marquezokevin.blogspot.com
http://princessjean11.blogspot.com
http://carlitoquigao.blogspot.com
http://erikamedilo08.blogspot.com
http://diannes-dianne.blogspot.com
http://rowelalyncalilap.blogspot.com
http://enrikafrance.blogspot.com
http://cienygreats.blogspot.com
http://reilcinco7.blogspot.com
http://lil14ramos.blogspot.com
http://kinglouiesblog.blogspot.com
http://pebzmalubay.blogspot.com
http://marygrace03myblog.blogspot.com
http://farahlagudas.blogspot.com
http://lawrencepaco.blogspot.com
http://wafadinessasblog.blogspot.com

TLE-2 blOgeR's

http://nissipraise.blogspot.com
http://wwwandreacom-crypter.blogspot.com
http://moonlightevel.blogspot.com
http://daiserysayahon.blogspot.com
http://judahceleste.blogspot.com
http://dhur3n.blogspot.com
http://luigi-nombrado.blogspot.com
http://kyler16.blogspot.com
http://shang30.blogspot.com
http://ruhneezmee0900.blogspot.com
http://preciouslove922.blogspot.com
http://periwinkle87.blogspot.com
http://marygracecagampang.blogspot.com
http://donna-donnalynanngo.blogspot.com
http://gail-franz.blogspot.com
http://charlynsalido.blogspot.com
http://dianagrace-paghubasan.blogspot.com
http://danicaabad-dhanz.blogspot.com
http://jaiyacute.blogspot.com
http://armando.blogspot.com
http://preciouscinz.blogspot.com
http://jhiz-jhiz.blogspot.com
http://aliyagsabrea.blogspot.com

SCC BLOG

http://kimberlydgreat.blogspot.com/
http://Johnlawrence.blogspot.com/
http://lil4ramos.blogspot.com/
http://NICOLEGATES.blogspot.com/
http://capuasblogblogspot.com/
http://JrP_4898.blogspot.com/
http://carlitoquagao.blogspot.com/
http://mariawentotown.blogspace.com/
http://marquezokevin.blogspot.com/
http://greenbloaded.blogspot.com/
http://cenygreats.blogspot.com/
http://cutyrine97.blogspot.com/

Panunumpa sa Watawat ng Pilipinas

Ako ay pilipino,buong katapatan na nunumpa
sa watawat ng pilipinas, at sa bansang kanyang
sinasagisag na may dangal, katarungan at kalayaan
na ipinakikilos ng sambayanang maka dios maka
kalikasan maka tao at maka bansa.

Southern Leyte lyric

Ma'oy gahasa sa langit ang lalawigang
Southern Leyte, duyan siya sa mga bayani
pag laum sa mga kawani, Southern Leyte 2x
yuta namong minahal, hinaot untang mag mauswagon
Sa Ginoo, sa langit ikaw panggaon sa imong pangulo mahalon ka
sa mga molupyu, ampingan ka Southern Leyte 2x
yuta namong minahal, tanang yuta'y bulahan, sa adunahang ani'g bunga
Ma nga kangitngit niya'y lamdagi, sa gugma'g halok hatagi
Southern Leyte 2x, yuta namong minahal hinaot unta magmaoswagon
sa ginoo, sa langit ikaw panggaon, sa imong pangulo mahalon ka sa imong molupyo
ampingan ka, Southern Leyte 2x, yuta namong minahal, Southern Leyte 2x yuta namong minahal.

SSC blog

http://princess_jean.blogspot.com
http://erikafrance.blogspot.com
http://marygrace03myblogspot.com
http://pebzmalubay.blogspot.com
http://wafadinessaablog.blogspot.com

Our Fathers Prayer

Our father oh art in heaven, hallowed be your name
your kingdom come die will be done, on earth as it is in heaven,
give us this day our daily bread and forgive us our sins as we forgive,
those who sins against do not bring us to the test but don't deliver us from evil. amen

Lupang Hinirang lyrics

Bayang magiliw
Perlas ng Silanganan,
Alab ng puso,
Sa dibdib mo'y buhay.

Lupang Hinirang,
Duyan ka ng magiting,
Sa manlulupig,
Di ka pasisiil.

Sa dagat at bundok,
Sa simo'y at sa langit mong bughaw,
May dilag at tula
At awit sa paglayang minamahal.
Ang kislap ng watawat mo'y
Tagumpay na nagniningning,
Ang bituin at araw niya
Kailan pa ma'y di magdidilim.
Lupa ng araw, ng luwalhati't pagsinta,
Buhay ng langit sa piling mo;
Aming ligaya, na pag may mang-aapi
Ang mamatay ng dahil sa iyo.

Dear,blog

thank u so much to the creator of blog Im so thankful that I've been here now.this is my first blog.thank u  

The research

ICT-Information and Communication Technology
IT-Information Technology
CPU-Central Proccessing Unit
CVR-Computer Voltage Regulator
Internet-International Network
USB-Universal Serial Bus
ARPANET-Advance Research Project Agency Network
DARPA-Defense Advance Research Project Agency
HTTP-Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
HTML-Hyper Text Markup Language

mY clasSmate blog

http://sugarrycanemanuelblodspace.blogspot.com/
http://monicagwapa.blogspot.com/
http://ginalynspayahoocom-ginalyn.blogspot.com/
http://elfie99.blogspot.com/
http://mybloggyarazane.blogspot.com/
http://shenetsblogspace.blogspot.com/

couple's of anime

Im so happy that i have my first blog!!!!

Im so happy that i have my first blog!!!!!